Fermats principle states that the path of a light ray follows is an. Some pages were out of sequence this has now been corrected. Ray optics and optical instruments 311 this case is to be taken as normal to the tangent to surface at the point of incidence. These include not only ultrafast optical communications and new imaging techniques, but also energy conversion and transmission, and further into the future, quantum information technology relying on controlling single photons of light. Direct bandgap light emission from strained ge nanowires coupled with highq optical cavities. Optics, in a simple manner, is used to describe the behaviour of visible light, infrared light, and the ultraviolet.
Every point on a wavefront is a source of wavelets that spread out in the forward direction at the same speed as the wave itself. General relativity and quantum cosmology grqc arxiv. Note that c is a distance r from the spherical segment. This website is created solely for jee aspirants to download pdf, ebooks, study materials for free. At the college of optical sciences, nine different research groups pursue projects in quantum gases, quantum information, theoretical and computational optical physics, experimental and theoretical semiconductor quantum optics, and ultrafast lasers, with impacts to the. In the module to follow, you will learn about the otherphysical wave optics. The new wavefront is a line tangent to all of the wavelets. Optics is an exciting area of study, but as with most areas of physics it requires a variety of mathematical tools to be fully appreciated. Each time the ray reflects off one wedge optics in flat panel displays. Abstract in the current phd thesis, the development and study of.
Historically, nonimaging optics that work as ideal concentrators have been discovered through such heuristic ideas as edge ray involutes, string method, simultaneous multiple surface, and tailored edge ray concentrator, without a. If you capture sunlight in a mirror or lens you can feel the heat where the sunlight is reflectedrefracted as a real image but you cannot feel the heat where the sunlight is. The mission of the group can be described as exploring the physics and technology of nonlinear optical processes with emphasis on nanophotonics. Hecht, optics lipson, lipson and lipson, optical physics further reading. Longer effective focal length and higher magnification. Spatially structured photons that travel in free space slower than the speed of light article pdf available in science 3476224. Optical physics studies the interactions of light with atoms, molecules and semiconductor systems in different contexts. Longitudal waves are those in which the displacement of the mediumor eld is in the direction of the wave. Superposition of waves, interference, optical interferometry pdf 1. Optics notes topics in these notes are wave properties polarization focal lengths geometrical optics i. With a basic familiarity with trigonometry, we can approach many optical problems including those involving the addition of multiple waves. Pedrotti cord waco, texas optics is the cornerstone of photonics systems and applications.
Electromagnetism and optics an introductory course richard fitzpatrick professor of physics the university of texas at austin. Which travel in all directions with the velocity of light in the medium. Optics notes massachusetts institute of technology. In fact, fermats principle is a concise statement that contains all the physical laws, such as the law of reflection and the law of refraction, in geometrical optics. In principle, the second law of thermodynamics permits an optical device to. Free optics books download ebooks online textbooks tutorials. For simple harmonic motion the period is independent of amplitude, i. Eikonal equations, gradient index lenses, hamiltonian optics pdf 11.
Visit examrace for more files and information on sampleobjectivequestions. Cc ff r rays from infinity parallel to the principal axis all go through the focal point, f. Most commonly used of the astronomical nighttime telescopes. Introductory physics ii electricity, magnetism and optics by robertg. Traditionally, the subject of optics has dealt with the nature of visible light. Hashimova nn, physics department, azerbaijan state. Class 12 physics notes ray optics notesgen notesgen. Class 12 physics notes on ray optics containing top concepts like ray optics, optical instruments section, reflection of light, refractiom through a prism etc. Nature of light, geometrical optics, optical instrumentation, dispersion, prisms, and aberrations, wave equations, em. Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p download book.
Applications of optical principles may be traced back into. Optothermodynamic method of diagnosis of absorption. We have already studied that the geometric centre of a spherical mirror is called its pole while. In this module, we shift the emphasis from light rays to light wavesfrom geometrical optics to physical optics. This very practical file covers in 64 pages the main notions useful to the eye care practitioner who wants to offer a good quality service to hisher low vision patients.
Geometrical optics, studied in the first year, ignored the wave nature of light and so, in this course, we focus particularly on physical optics where the primary characteristic of waves viz. The light and matter series of introductory physics textbooks. A lossless metamaterial with tunable permittivity and its. Optics the branch of physics consisting properties of light.
Each reflection off one face of the wedge reduces the rays angle to the other face point a ray of light into the thick end of a wedgeshaped lightguide and the ray will propagate towards the thin end by total internal reflection. Instructors may contact me for a version with solutions to problems included. Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p this note covers the following topics. Geometrical optics allows us to understand and even to design a wide variety of optical instru ments. Optics benjamin crowell book 5 in the light and matter series of introductory physics textbooks optics. It is interference that causes diffraction the bending of light around obstacles.
An optimized nonimaging optics example the flux at the surface of the sun, 6. This is a pdf file that includes some animations in the document. Wave properties in general there are two types of waves. For our purposes, in understanding how optical instruments work, the wave theory of light is entirely adequate. Geometrical optics is the treatment of the passage of light through lenses, prisms, etc. For developing your low vision activity or reinforcing your knowledge. Optics is a branch of physics that deals with the determination of behaviour and the properties of light, along with its interactions with the matter and also with the instruments which are used to detect it. Nonimaging optics is the theory of thermodynamically efficient optics and as such, depends more on thermodynamics than on optics. Nonlinear optics basic concept of optical nonlinearity the polarization density in the presence of an electric field. That is, the normal is along the radius, the line joining the centre of curvature of the mirror to the point of incidence.
Some of the best books for each of the three papers are given below. When the field is strong, the displacement of electrons from their equilibrium point may deviate from linearity. In this module, you will learn about one of the two main divisions of basic opticsgeometrical ray optics. If you think the materials are useful kindly buy these legally from publishers. Pedrotti cord waco, texas in module, basic geometrical optics, we made use of light rays to demonstrate reflection and refraction of light and the imaging of light with mirrors and lenses. A wavefront is the long edge that moves, for example, the crest or the. A light ray from a source goes in a straight line through the air, but when it encounters a lens, prism, or mirror it bends or changes direction.
This i the first of a number of chapters on the subject of electromagnetic radiation. Wave optics propagation, interference and diffraction of waves axel kuhn, oxford 2016 paul ewarts lecture notes and problem sets. Approaches the topic of physical optics with examples drawn from the physical processes described. Material for four tutorials plus past finals papers a2 practical course. Nanotechnology lab ltfn aristotle university of thessaloniki. Download for free or view pdf file physics ray optics mcq for competitive exams. In geometric optics, the following statements are true for real and virtual images. Introduction to nonlinear optics university of ottawa p resented at the international school of physics enrico fermi, course 190 frontiers in modern optics, 30 june 5 july, 2014. Includes chapters on fourier transforms, image formation, optical coherence, diffraction, interference, holography, interferometry, analog optical computing, synthetic aperture imaging, and others.
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